How Do Plant And Animal Cells Obtain Energy
Honors Biology I
Energy for the Cell
All cells demand energy to stay live.
The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the sun.� Plants catechumen calorie-free free energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis.� Animals obtain energy by eating plants.
The only form of energy a cell tin utilize is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).� Chemic energy is stored in the bonds that hold the molecule together.
����������� Free energy is stored when an ATP molecule is formed
����������� Energy is released when an ATP molecule is broken down
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ADP can be recycled into ATP when more free energy becomes available.� The energy to make ATP comes from glucose.
Cells catechumen glucose to ATP in a procedure called cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: � procedure of turning glucose into energy In the form of ATP.
����������� -� occurs in all cells
����������� -� takes place in the mitochondrion
- can occur both with or without oxygen
Site of electron send chain
Before cellular respiration tin begin, glucose must exist refined into a grade that is usable by the mitochondrion.� Each 6 carbon molecule of glucose is converted to 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid in the procedure of glycolysis.
����������� -� glycolysis must occur earlier cellular respiration tin begin
- glycolysis can occur either in the presence of oxygen or if oxygen is non present
Post-obit glycolysis, pyruvic acid could enter one of two metabolic pathways:
����������� 1.� anaerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in the mitochondrion.� Occurs when the claret is not delivering enough oxygen �������� �����to the individual cells.
����������������������� -� process is also chosen fermentation
-� fermentation is not an efficient way to produce ATP from glucose.
-� both animals and plants undergo fermentation, merely the process is slightly different in animals than it is in plants.
-� fermentation in plant cells is chosen alcoholic fermentation. In this��� process, pyruvic acid is cleaved down without oxygen and ethyl booze and ATP is produced.
����������������������������������������������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + water + iv ATP
-� this is how alcoholic beverages are produced.
-� fermentation in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation.� In this process, pyruvic acid is broken down without oxygen and lactic acrid and ATP is produced. �������������������������������������� ���� ������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acrid ---> lactic acrid + water + 4 ATP
-� when lactic acid collects in you muscles, it� irritates the muscles and makes them sore.
����� 2.� aerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid that occurs if the blood has delivered a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells. ���� ������������������� ����
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����������� 6 O 2 + C half dozen H 12 O 6� ---> half dozen CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP
�����������
����������� -� aerobic respiration occurs in 2 steps:
a.� Krebs bike: conversion of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.� In order to begin the Krebs cycle, pyruvic must react� with a coenzyme chosen acetyl co-A.
-� consists of a series of chemical reactions.� The purpose of the chemic reactions is to
1. release hydrogen that will be used afterwards to brand ATP in the second phase of aerobic respiration ������
2. release carbon dioxide as waste.
- produces 2 ATP molecules in the procedure
Krebs Wheel
COii is released from the reactions (waste matter that is exhaled) H+ ions are released and collected by molecules of NAD and FAD H+ ions are carried by NAD and FAD to the next step (electron transport concatenation) to make ATP
It requires ii turns of the Krebs cycle to completely break down one molecule of glucose.
b.� Electron transport chain:� series of redox reactions using the hydrogen released in the Krebs cycle.� Produces near of the �ATP in cellular respiration.
- produces 34 ATP molecules
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Photosynthesis
The procedure that plants apply to catechumen the sun�s energy into glucose molecules is called photosynthesis.
����������� Occurs in the chloroplasts
����������� Requires the light-green pigment cholorphyll
����������� The Chloroplast
Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Thylakoids: Disk shaped membranes containing photosynthetic pigments. Site of light reactions.
Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: Fluid filled infinite surrounding grana. Site of dark reactions.
The general equation for photosynthesis is:
6 COii + 6 H2O � C6H12O6 + 6Oii
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 stages:
1.� Low-cal dependent reactions (a.yard.a the low-cal reactions)
����������� - requires sunlight.
����������� - occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the grana
- light strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoids and they go�� energized
- the sun�due south energy is used to split h2o molecules.� Some H+ ions from water are collected by NADP and carried to the stroma and used to make glucose and some is used to brand ATP.� Otwo from the water molecules is released into the atmosphere every bit waste.
2.� Light contained reactions (a.k.a. the nighttime reactions, Calvin wheel or carbon fixation)
- does not require sunlight.� The free energy for this part of photosynthesis comes from the ATP made in the light reactions
- occurs in the stroma
- COtwo from air goes through a series of chemical reaction and is converted to glucose
Source: http://mandevillehigh.stpsb.org/teachersites/laura_decker/cell_resp_and_photosynthesis_notes.htm
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